AutoCAD commands List are sometimes long winded & hard to type particularly if they are being used over and over again. As such command shortcuts keys they have been a part of the software for some time now.

Sadly many users do not make use of them, as they are not aware of them. The table below shows some of the Shortcuts, to help you out work faster, saving your time:

BLOCKS

SHORTCUT Key	COMMAND	COMMENT
ATT	ATTDEF	Opens attribute definition dialogue box
ATTEDIT	ATTEDIT	Edit attribute values for a specific block
B	BLOCK	Opens block dialogue box in order to make a block
BATTMAN	BATTMAN	Opens block attribute manager
BATTORDER	BATTORDER	Displays attribute order dialogue box
BC	BCLOSE	Closes the block editor
BCOUNT	BCOUNT	Counts the blocks in a drawing
BE	BEDIT	Opens the edit block definition dialogue box
EATTEXT	EATTEXT	Enhanced attribute extraction wizard to count blocks
GATTE	GATTE	Global attribute edit of multiple blocks
I	INSERT	Opens insert dialogue to insert a block
-I	INSERT	Insert a block by name
MINSERT	MINSERT	Insert block in rectangular array
REFEDIT	REFEDIT	Edit a block reference in place
REN	RENAME	Opens rename dialogue box to rename blocks, layers, etc
W	WBLOCK	Write a block – for use in other drawings
XLIST	XLIST	Lists type/block name/layer name/color/linetype of a
		nested object in a block or an xref

TIPS

1. Create a new block on layer 0 so that the block will use the layer and properties of the current layer it is inserted on. Text can be set to colour white.
2. Set ATTDIA to 1 to use dialog box with block attributes or 0 to use command line.
3. AutoCAD 2006 allows you to change the insertion point on the fly. INSERT and select BASEPOINT. This allows you to pick anywhere in the drawing (and anywhere in the block you are inserting) as your new insertion point (basepoint).

COMMON AUTOCAD COMMANDS & SHORTCUT KEY LIST

SHORTCUT	COMMAND	COMMENT
A	ARC	Draw an arc
AL	ALIGN	Align an object with another
AP	APPLOAD	Opens application load dialogue box
AR	ARRAY	Opens array dialogue box
AUDIT	AUDIT	Audit drawing for errors
AV	DSVIEWER	Opens ariel view of drawing
B	BLOCK	Opens block dialogue box
C	CIRCLE	Draw a circle
CO	COPY	Copy an object
CHA	CHAMFER	Chamfer between 2 non-parallel lines
COL	COLOR	Opens select color dialogue box
CUI		Opens customise user interface dialogue
D	DIMSTYLE	Opens dimstyle manager
DC	ADCENTER	Opens designcenter
DI	DIST	Check a distance
DIV	DIVIDE	Inserts point node a set division
DO	DONUT	Draw a solid donut shape
DV	DVIEW	Perspective view
E	ERASE	Erase a selection
EX	EXTEND	Extend a selection
F	FILLET	Draw an arc between 2 intersecting lines
FI	FILTER	Opens filter dialogue box
FLATTEN	FLATTEN	Converts 3D to 2D
G	GROUP	Launches the group dialogue box
H	HATCH	Opens hatch and gradient dialogue box
I	INSERT	Insert a block
IM	IMAGE	Launches image manager
J	JOIN	Joins 2 objects to form single object

JPGOUT	JPGOUT	Creates a JPEG file of current drawing
L	LINE	Draw a line
LA	LAYER	Opens layer manager
LE	QLEADER	Draw a leader line (may need to adjust settings)
LEAD	LEADER	Leader line with annotation
LI or LS	LIST	Display information about objects in a text window
LO	-LAYOUT	Creates a new layout tab
LTS	LTScale	Change the linetype scale
M	MOVE	Move a selection
MA	MATCHPROPERTIES	Match properties of an object
ME	MEASURE	Inserts point node at input distance
O	OFFSET	Offset a selection
OP	OPTIONS	Launches options dialogue box
P	PAN	Pan in drawing
PE	POLYEDIT	Edit a polyline
PL	PLINE	Draw a polyline
PLOT	PLOT	Opens plot/print dialogue box
PO	POINT	Point marker or node – DDPTYPE to change pointstyle
PR	PROPERTIES	Opens properties dialogue box
PRE	PREVIEW	Preview a plot
PU	PURGE	Opens purge dialogue box to remove unused elements
RE	REGEN	Regenerate the display
REC	RECTANG	Draw a rectangle
REN	RENAME	Opens rename dialogue box to rename blocks, layers, etc
RO	ROTATE	Rotate a selection
SP	SPELL	Spell check a selection – ALL to check entire drawing
T	MTEXT	Insert multiline text
TB	TABLE	Opens insert a table dialogue box
TP	TOOLPALETTES	Displays toolpalette
TR	TRIM	Trim a selection
U	UNDO	Undo last command
UN	UNITS	Opens units dialogue box
V	VIEW	Opens view dialogue box
W	WBLOCK	Write a block

		CAD _003
WHOHAS	WHOHAS	Displays who has a drawing open
X	EXPLODE	Explode a selection
XR	XREF	Opens x-reference manager
Z	ZOOM	Zoom in display – A=All, E=EXTENTS, W=WINDOW

AUTOCAD SHORTCUT LIST USING CONTROL KEYS

CTRL+0	CLEANSCREEN	Turns user interface elements on/off
CTRL+1	PROPERTIES	Turns properties on/off
CTRL+2	ADCENTER	Turns design center on/off
CTRL+3	TOOLPALETTES	Turns tool palettes window on/off
CTRL+8	QUICKCALC	Launches calculator window
CTRL+A		Select all
CTRL+C	COPYCLIP	Copies objects to clipboard
CTRL+H		Turns a group on or off
CTRL+J		Repeats last command
CTRL+N	NEW	Opens create new drawing dialogue box
CTRL+O	OPEN	Opens the select file dialogue box
CTRL+P	PLOT	Opens the plot dialogue box
CTRL+R	CVPORT	Switches between viewports
CTRL+S	QSAVE	Opens the save drawing as dialogue box
CTRL+SHIFT+		Save as
S
CTRL+V	PASTECLIP	Pastes data from clipboard to drawing
CTRL+X	CUTCLIP	Removes select object from drawing to clipboard
CTRL+Y	REDO	Performs the operation ccanceledby UNDO
CTRL+Z	UNDO	Undoes the last operation
CTRL+TAB		Switches between open drawings
CTRL+PAGE		Switch up between layout tabs
UP
CTRL+PAGE		Switch down between layout tabs
DOWN
ARROW		Recall last command
UP/Down

COORDINATE ENTRY

#X,Y	Location measured by distance from 0,0 in current UCS
@X,Y	Location measured by distance from last point
#distance<angle	Location measured by distance and angle from 0,0 in current UCS
@distance<angl	Location measured by distance and angle from last point
e
.x or.y or .xy etc	Location by extracting and combining coordinate values from 2 or 3 points
distance	Location direct from current position in direction of movement
<angle	An angle override from current point

DIMENSIONING

SHORTCUT	COMMAND	COMMENT
CTRL+8	QUICKCALC	Displays the calculator
D	DIMSTYLE	Opens dimension style manager dialogue box
DAL	DIMALIGNED	Aligned linear dimension line
DAN	DIMANGULAR	Angular dimension line
DAR	DIMARC	Arc length dimension
DBA	DIMBASELINE	Ordinate dimension from baseline of previous dimension
DCO	DIMCONTINUE	Ordinate dimension from 2nd extension line of previous
		dimension
DDI	DIMDIAMETER	Diameter dimension for circles and arcs
DED	DIMEDIT	Edit dimension text on dimension objects
DI	DIST	Check a distance
DIMCENTER	DIMCENTER	Creates center mark
DLI	DIMLINEAR	Linear dimension
DOR	DIMORDINATE	Ordinate point dimension
DOV	DIMOVERRIDE	Override dimension style
DRA	DIMRADIUS	Radial dimension for circles and arcs
ID	ID	Display the co-ordinate values of a point
UN	UNITS	Opens drawing  units dialogue box

DRAWING OBJECTS

SHORTCUT	COMMAND	COMMENT
A	ARC	Draw an arc with 3 points
B	BLOCK	Opens block dialogue box in order to make a block
BO	BOUNDARY	Draw a boundary

C	CIRCLE	Draw a circle
DO	DONUT	Draw a solid donut shape
DT	TEXT	Single line text
DIV	DIVIDE	Inserts point node a set division
EL	ELLIPSE	Draw an ellipse
F	FILLET	Draw an arc between 2 intersecting lines
G	GROUP	Opens object grouping dialogue
H	HATCH	Opens hatch and gradient dialogue box
L	LINE	Draw a line
LE	QLEADER	Draw a leader line (may need to adjust settings)
LEAD	LEADER	Leader line with annotation
ML	MLINE	Draw multilines
O	OFFSET	Offset an object by distance
PL	PLINE	Draw a polyline – a complex line
PO	POINT	Point marker or node – DDPTYPE to change pointstyle
POL	POLYGON	Draw a regular polygon 3 to 1024 sides
RAY	RAY	Construction line in one direction
REC	RECTANG	Draw a rectangle
REG	REGION	Region – for shading for example
REVCLOUD	REVCLOUD	Revision cloud – note can select a polyline
SPL	SPLINE	Spline or smooth curve along points
T	MTEXT	Multi-line text
WIPEOUT	WIPEOUT	Masks part of drawing for clarity
XL	XLINE	Construction line of infinite length

TIP

1. Use PO to create node point – if you do not see anything try changing the node properties DDPTYPE.

2. Alternatively set PDMODE to 3 to display an X at id point set PDMODE to 0 to clear.

EXTERNAL REFERENCE – XREF

SHORTCUT	COMMAND	COMMENT
REFEDIT	REFEDIT	Edit an external reference in place
XA	XATTACH	Opens select reference file dialogue for attaching Xref
XB	XBIND	Opens Xbind dialogue – allows import only of symbols etc
XC	XCLIP	Create a border in an xref to hide outside area
XOPEN	XOPEN	Opens a selected xref in a new window

XR

XREF

Opens Xref manager dialogue box

TIP

1. Using RELATIVE PATH to find the Xref file relative to the existing location can be a benefit if files are moved between locations or sent to others.

2. OVERLAID should be used in place of ATTACH if 2 drawings share a common Xref, eg a mechanical drawing could be overlaid an electrical drawing to prevent the building outline appearing twice.

NOTES

1. If a drawing has an Xref, the status bar will show the Manage Xref icon.

FORMATTING

SHORTCUT	COMMAND	COMMENT
AP	APPLOAD	Opens application load dialogue box
BE	BEDIT	Opens the edit block definition dialogue box
BH	BHATCH	Opens hatch and gradient dialogue box
CUI		Opens customise user interface dialogue
D	DIMSTYLE	Opens dimension style manager dialogue box
DC	ADCENTER	Opens designcenter
DDPTYPE	DDPTYPE	Opens point style dialogue box
LA	LAYER	Opens layer manager
LT	DDLTYPE	Opens line type manager
LTS	LTSCALE	Change the linetype scale
LW	LWEIGHT	Opens line weight settings dialogue box
MA	MATCHPROPERTIES	Match properties of an object
OP	OPTIONS	Launches options dialogue box
OS	DDOSNAP	Opens drafting settings object snap dialogue
PR	DDCHPROP	Opens properties dialogue box
SSM	SHEETSET	Opens sheet set manager palette
ST	DDSTYLE	Opens text style dialogue box
TP	TOOLPALETTES	Displays toolpalette
TS	TABLESTYLE	Opens table style dialogue box

FUNCTION KEYS

SHORTCUT	COMMAND	COMMENT
F1	HELP	Opens Autocad help
F2	TEXTSCR	Switches between text screen and graphics area
	GRAPHSCR
F3	OSNAP	Switches osnap on/off
F5 or CTRL+E	ISOPLANE	Cycles through isoplanes
F6 or CTRL+D	COORDS	Turns coordinate display on/off
F7 or CTRL+G	GRID	Turns grid on/off
F8 or CTRL+L	ORTHO	Turns ortho on/off
F9 or CTRL+B	SNAP	Turns snap on/off
F10 or CTRL+U	POLAR	Turns polar on/off
F11 or	OSNAP TRACK	Turns object snap tracking on/off
CTRL+W
F12	DYNMODE	Turns dynamic input on/off

INQUIRY

SHORTCUT	COMMAND	COMMENT
AA	AREA	Calculate the area
DI	DIST	Calculate a distance and angle
DDPTYPE	DDPTYPE	Opens point style dialogue box
ID	ID	Display the co-ordinate values of a point
LI or LS	LIST	Display information about objects in a text window
MASSPROP	MASSPROP	Calculate the region/mass properties of a solid
PR	PROPERTIES	Opens properties dialogue box
WHOHAS	WHOHAS	Displays who has a drawing open
XLIST	XLIST	Lists type/block name/layer name/color/linetype of a
		nested object in a block or an xref

TIP

1. If you wish to identify a known location use ID and enter coordinates on command line to mark that location with a node point – if you do not see anything try changing the node properties DDPTYPE.

2. Alternatively set PDMODE to 3 to display an X at id point set PDMODE to 0 to clear.

LAYERS SHOURTCUT KEY LIST & COMMANDS USED IN AUTOCADE

SHORTCUT	COMMAND	COMMENT
LA	LAYER	Opens layer manager
LAYCUR	LAYERCURRENT	Change objects to current layer
LAYDEL	LAYERDELETE	Delete a layer by selecting object
LAYFRZ	LAYERFREEZE	Freeze a layer by selecting object
LAYISO	LAYERISOLATE	Isolates a layer by selecting object
LAYLCK	LAYER LOOK	Lock a layer by selecting object
LAYMCH	PLAYER MATCH	Match properties of a layer
LAYMRG	LAYERMERGE	Moves objects from the first layer to second and deletes first
LAYOFF	LAYER OFF	Switches a layer off
LAYON	LAYER ON	Switches all layers on except frozen layers
LAYERP	LAYERPREVIOUS	Restores previous layer state
LAYTHW	LAYTHW	Thaws all layers
LAYWALK	LAYERWALK	Walkthrough layers
LMAN	LMAN	Access Layer manager to save and restore layer states

TIP

Layer States – Create a layer state in Layer Manager (LA then Alt+S) to quickly switch between different layer property settings.

MODIFYING OBJECTS

SHORTCUT	COMMAND	COMMENT
AL	ALIGN	Align an object with another
AR	ARRAY	Make multiple copies of an object
BR	BREAK	Break a line by defining 2 points
CO or CP	COPY	Copy object
COPYTOLAYE	COPYTOLAYER	Copy object from one layer to another
R
CHA	CHAMFER	Chamfer between 2 non-parallel lines
E	ERASE	Erase selection
EX	EXTEND	Extend a line to meet another
F	FILLET	Draw an arc between 2 intersecting lines
G	GROUP	Opens object grouping dialogue – use to copy or move
LEN	LENGTHEN	Lengthen or shorten a line
M	MOVE	Move an object
MI	MIRROR	Mirror an object

MOCORO	MOVE/COPY/ROTAT	Copy move and rotate an object with one command
	E
O	OFFSET	Offset an object by distance
RO	ROTATE	Rotate an object
S	STRETCH	Stretch an object
SC	SCALE	Scale an object
TR	TRIM	Trim objects
X	EXPLODE	Explode single entity to component parts

TIP

1. When a grip point is selected cycle through command options using keyboard spacebar – sequence STRETCH, MOVE, ROTATE, SCALE, MIRROR.
2. Switch between Group and Ungroup using CTRL+H, yes H!!

OBJECT SELECTION (use with editing commands)

SHORTCUT	COMMAND	COMMENT
An	ADD	Adds each successive object, switches from remove
ALL	ALL	All objects on thawed layers
CP	POLYGON	Objects touching or enclosed by selection polygon
C	CROSSING	Objects touched or enclosed by window – Move right to
		left
F	FENCE	Objects touch by single selection fence
G	GROUP	Opens object grouping dialogue – use with copy/move/etc
L	LAST	Most recently created visible object
P	PREVIOUS	Most recent selection set
R	REMOVE	Objects to remove from selection set
SNAPANG	SNAPANGLE	Change the snap angle from default 0°
W	WINDOW	Objects enclosed by window – Move left to right
WP	WPOLYGON	Objects within a window polygon

TIP

1. Use SHIFT+LEFT MOUSE BUTTON to deselect an object.

2. When a grip point is selected cycle through command options using keyboard spacebar – sequence STRETCH, MOVE, ROTATE, SCALE, MIRROR.

3. Object Cycling – hold down the Control key while picking, AutoCAD will cycle through all the objects that fall under the pick box as you continue to pick. When the correct object is highlighted, simply hit Enter. You don’t need to continue to hold down the Control key after the first pick.

OBJECT SNAP –  OSNAP

SHORTCUT	COMMAND	COMMENT
F3	OSNAP	Switches snap on/off
F9 or CTRL+B	SNAP	Turns snap on/off
F11 or	OSNAP TRACK	Turns object snap tracking on/off
CTRL+W
APP	APPARENT INT	Apparent intersection of 2 objects
CEN	CENof	Snap to center point
DS	DDOSNAP	Opens drafting settings/object snap dialogue
END	ENDPOINT	Snap to end of line etc
EXT	EXTENSION	Extends lines beyond endpoint
FRO	FROM	Snap to an offset distance from an object snap
INS	INSERTION	Snap to insertion point of text or block
INT	INTERSECTION	Snap to intersection of lines, circles, arcs
MID	MIDPOINT	Snap to midpoint of line etc
MTP		Snap midpoint between two points
NEA	NEAREST	Snap near to an object
NOD	NODE	Snap to point node
NON	NONE	Turns off object snap modes
PAR	PARALLEL	Continues a line parallel to existing
PER	PERPENDICULAR	Snap to perpendicular of line etc
QUA	QUADRANT	Snap quadrant of circle, arc, ellipse
TAN	TANGENT	Snap to tangent of circle, arc, ellipse
TK	TRACK	Locate points without drawing lines
TT	TT	Temporary tracking point

TIP

1. Use TAB to cycle through Osnap points.
2. SHIFT+RIGHT MOUSE BUTTON to reveal Osnap options

TEXT

SHORTCUT	COMMAND	COMMENT
%%C	A+	Diameter dimensioning symbol
%%D	°	Degrees symbol
%%O	OVERSCORE	Toggles overscore mode on/off
%%P	±	Plus/minus symbol
%%U	UNDERSCORE	Toggles underscore on/off

		CAD _003
DT	DTEXT	Single line dynamic text – Justify/Align to fit within text
		line
ED	DDEDIT	Edit text
FIND	FIND	Opens find and replace dialogue box
JUSTIFYTEXT	JUSTIFYTEXT	Change the justification point without moving text
MIRRTEXT	MIRRTEXT	Mirrtext 0 to turn off
SCALETEXT	SCALETEXT	Scales text without moving the text insertion point
SPELL	SPELLCHECK	Performs spellcheck – ALL checks all text in drawing
ST	STYLE	Opens text style dialogue box
T or MT	MTEXT	Multiline/paragraph text
TCIRCLE	TCIRCLE	Places circle, slot, or rectangle around each selected text
		object
TEXT	DTEXT	Single line dynamic text
TEXTFIT	TEXTFIT	Stretches/shrinks text by selecting new start and/or end
		points
TORIENT	TORIENT	Rotates text, mtext, and attribute definition objects
TXT2MTXT	TXT2MTXT	Converts DTEXT to MTEXT
WIPEOUT	WIPEOUT	Masks part of drawing for clarity

TIPS

1. To fit or align text in a defined area use DTEXT and select JUSTIFY/ALIGN or FIT – very useful if text is enclosed by a rectangle/ circle/etc.

NOTES

1. Text entered in paperspace is 1:1, e.g. 5mm high text will print 5mm high.

THREE DIMENSIONAL – 3D

SHORTCUT	COMMAND	COMMENT
3D	3D	Command line 3D solid options
BOX	BOX	Draw a cube
CYLINDER	CYLINDER	Draw a cylinder
DDUCS	DDUCS	Opens ucs dialogue
DDUCSP	DDUCSP	Opens ucs dialogue at orthographic tab
EXT	EXTRUDE	Extrude a face
IN	INTERSECT	Intersect an object
REV	REVOLVE	Revolves an object about an axis
RR	RENDER	Open render dialogue box
SE	SECTION	Section
SL	SLICE	Slice a solid
SU	SUBTRACT	Subtract selection from solid

TOR	TORUS	Draw torus shape
UC	DDUCS	Displays UCS manager dialogue box
UCS	UCS	UCS command line options
UNI	UNION	Union solids
VPORTS	VPORTS	Opens viewport dialogue box
WE	WEDGE	Draw a wedge

UCS

SHORTCUT	COMMAND	COMMENT
OB	OBJECT	Align UCS with an object, first select UCS
UC	DDUCS	Display UCS manager dialogue box
UCS	UCS	Universal co-ordinate system options
UCSICON	UCSICON	Change the UCS icon appearance
W	WORLD	Return to the WCS

VIEWPORTS

SHORTCUT	COMMAND	COMMENT
CTRL+R		Cycle through viewports
CTRL+PAGE		Switch up between layout tabs
UP
CTRL+PAGE		Switch down between layout tabs
DOWN
DV	DVIEW	Perspective view.
MS	MSPACE	Switch to model space in a viewport
MV	MVIEW	Make a viewport in paper space
PS	PSPACE	Switch to paper space from viewport
VPORTS	VPORTS	Opens viewports dialogue box
-VPORTS	-VPORTS	Create a viewport using command line

TIP

1. To prevent a viewport from editing right mouse click on the viewport and select DISPLAY LOCKED/YES

 

Here are some shortcuts that will help you work like a pro with 3D Structural Analysis and Design Software – STAAD Pro – Bentley. Use these shortcut keys to save your time and speed up your work. further more can be available from staad pro manual.

 

Short Cut Keys

Shift + K : display node point

Shift + N : display node number

Shift + D : display dimension

Shift + S : display support

Shift + X : display sections

Shift + J : display references

Shift +M : display material

Shift + I : display axis at origin

Shift + B : display beam no.

Shift + G : display diagram information

Shift + A : display beam specification

Shift + O : display beam orientation

Shift + E : display beam ends

Shift + R : display releases

Shift + F : display floor loading

Shift + V : display load values

Shift + H : display wind load contributory area

Shift + Y : display floor load distribution

Shift + P : display plate no.

Shift + W : display wind load

Shift + C : display solid no.

Shift + T : display plate orientation

Ctrl + Shift + T : display surface orientation

Ctrl + Shift + P : display surface no.

Ctrl + Shift + M : display member no.

Ctrl + Shift +A : display axis window

Shift + L : display master slave

Ctrl + Shift + G : display design group

Ctrl + shift + B : display design brief

Ctrl + shift + E : display design envelope

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staad pro commands list for Windows.

Precast concrete is a construction product generated by casting concrete in a reusable mold or “form” which is then treated in a controlled environment, conveyed to the construction site & lifted into place. Whereas, standard concrete is decanted into site-specific forms & cured on site.

By generating precast concrete in a controlled environment (typically called as a precast plant), the precast concrete has the prospects of being properly cure and be carefully monitored by plant staffs. A precast concrete system has many advantages over onsite casting. Precast concrete production is carried out on ground level, which also helps with safety throughout a project. There is better hold over material quality & workmanship in a precast plant compared to a construction site. The forms used in a precast plant can be reused hundreds to thousands of times before they have to be replaced, when looking at the cost per unit of formwork; it often makes it cheaper than onsite casting.

Advantages:

• Good quality control
• Very rapid speed of erection
• Rapid construction on site
• Entire building can be precast-walls, floors, beams, etc.
• Pre-stressing is easily done which can reduce the size and number of the structural members.
• High quality because of the controlled conditions in the factory

 

Disadvantages:

• Camber in beams and slabs
• Very heavy members
• Connections may be difficult
• Very small margin for error
• Because panel size is limited, precast concrete cannot be used for two-way structural systems.
• Somewhat limited building design flexibility
• Need for repetition of forms affects building design.
• Joints between panels are often expensive and complicated.
• Economics of scale demand regularly shaped buildings.
• Cranes are required to lift panels.
• Skilled workmanship is needed in the application of the panel on site.

Introduction

The concept of sustainable or green building integrates & incorporates a wide range of approaches during the design, construction & execution of building projects. The utilization of green building products & materials signifies an important approach in the design of a building.

Green building materials provide certain benefits to the building occupants & building owner:

• Energy conservation.
• Reduced maintenance/replacement costs over the life of the building.
• Better design flexibility.
• Enhanced occupant health & productivity.
• Lower costs associated with changing space configurations.

Construction & building activities globally utilize raw materials of 3 billion tons each year or 40% of total worldwide use. Using green building products and materials encourages conservation of dwindling nonrenewable resources internationally. Moreover, integrating green building materials into building projects can help in decreasing the environmental effects following the extraction, processing, transport, fabrication, installation, recycling, reuse, & dumping of these building industry source materials.

Rather than nonrenewable resources, green building materials are composed of renewable resources.

What is Green Building?

“Green building,” or sustainable design & construction provide a chance to use resources more efficiently, while creating healthier & more energy-efficient residential homes & commercial buildings. Fruitful green buildings have lighter effects on the environment by conserving resources, and at the same time harmonizing cost-effectiveness, energy-efficient, low-maintenance products for construction needs. Green-building design also comprises finding the subtle balance amongst home building & a sustainable environment.

Overall material/product selection criteria:

• Indoor air quality
• Resource efficiency
• Water conservation
• Affordability
• Energy efficiency

 

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is improved with materials that satisfy the following standards:

• Minimal chemical emissions: Material that have negligible productions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Products that also maximize resource & energy efficiency whereas reducing chemical emissions.
• Low or non-toxic: Materials that discharge few or no carcinogens, reproductive toxicants, or irritants as showed by the manufacturer through appropriate testing.
• Moistureresistant:^ Products & systems that prevent moisture or obstruct the evolution of biological contaminants in buildings.
• Low-VOC assembly: Materials fixed with minimal VOC-producing compounds, or no-VOC mechanical attachment methods & minimal hazards.
• Systems or equipment:Material that stimulate healthy IAQ by identifying indoor air pollutants or augmenting the air quality.
• Healthfully maintained: Materials, components, & systems that need only non-toxic, simple, or low-VOC approaches of cleaning.

 

Resource Efficiency can be stretched by the materials, which satisfy the below mentioned criteria:

• Natural, renewable: Materials reaped from sustainably managed sources and rather have an independent certification (e.g., certified wood) & are certified by an independent third party.
• Recycled Content: Products with recognizable recycled content, counting postindustrial content with a preference for postconsumer content.
• Locally available: Building materials, components, & systems available locally or regionally saving energy & resources in transportation to the project site.
• Resource effective manufacturing approach:Material manufactured with resource-efficient processes with reducing energy consumption, minimizing waste (recyclable, recycled & or source reduced product packaging), & reducing greenhouse gases.
• Recyclable or reusable:Choose materials that can be easily dismantled and reused or recycled at the end of their beneficial life.
• Refurbished, remanufactured, or salvaged: Comprises saving a material from disposal & renovating, repairing, restoring, or usually refining the appearance, performance, quality, functionality, or value of a product.
• Durable: Materials that are long lasting or are similar to conventional products with long life prospects.
• Recycled or recyclable product packaging: Products packaged with recycled content or recyclable packaging.

Materials having following criteria can be said to be Water Conservative:

• Systems & products that help preserve water in buildings & decrease water consumption in landscaped areas

Affordability can be measured when building product life-cycle costs are akin to conventional materials or as a whole, are within a project-defined percentage of the overall budget.

 

Energy Efficiency can be made the most by using materials & systems that have below property:

• Materials, components, & systems that help preserve energy consumption in buildings & facilities.

Architectural plan is a design and planning for a building, and can comprise of architectural drawings, design specifications, computations, time scheduling of the building process, and other important documentation.

Architectural Drawing

Architectural drawings are made for a number of purposes like: to develop a design idea into a clear proposal, for communication between ideas & concepts, to assure clients about the merits of a design, to assist a building contractor to construct it, as a record of the completed work or a building that already exists.

Architectural Design Values

Architectural design values are very crucial part of what impacts designers & architects when they mark their design decisions. Though, designers and architects do not always get influenced by the same intentions & values. Intentions & value vary among different architectural movements. It also varies between various schools of architecture & schools of design as well as amid individual designers & architects.

Building Construction

Building construction is the procedure of preparing & developing buildings and building systems.  Starting with planning, design, and funding, construction lasts till the building is complete for possession. Away from being a single activity, large scale construction is a feat of human multitasking. Usually, a project manager manages the job, and supervised by design engineer, construction manager, project architect or construction engineer. For the fruitful execution of a project, effective planning is essential.

Architectural Plans

Architectural plans are comprehensive sketches of structures that show the completed building structure. These can also be called as floor plans or blueprints. When a structure is intended to function as a residential building, it may also be called as a home plan. Together with a possible list of materials & design notes, architectural plans will usually include any elevation changes.

The contractor uses the map, which is the layout of the building in the architectural plans, to construct the building. The layout must note any elevation changes, such as those demanding slopes or steps, both outside, and within the building. The plans will be required to drawn with a scale that is uniform throughout the plan, unless modifications are noted. The scale may be enlarged to demonstrate more detail in some of the cases, but this detail is set aside from the main plans generally.

Celebrities in India, just like in any other country, are known to be the holders of the most expensive and sleekest things the world offers. Houses are the best examples of them. Indian celebrities usually have worth of million assets like houses. These celebrities are well-known because of their outstanding performance in the industry, where they belong. Here are the 7 most expensive Indian celebrity houses:

7. John Abraham

This Indian celebrity has attained a lot of attention from his acting, modeling and film producing career in Bollywood. He possesses really luxurious penthouse, which is elegantly designed by his brother and father. However, overall worth of this penthouse is not shown to the public.

6. Ranbir Kapoor

This award-winning Bollywood actor is one of those Indian celebrities who own classy & expensive houses. Since he is a self-proclaimed mama’s boy, he is living with his parents. His very luxurious house is exactly situated in Krishna Raj.

5. Akshay Kumar

Akshay Kumar is very famous on screen name in Bollywood. His real name is Rajiv Hari Om Bhatia, and he has already been relishing his prosperous career in Bollywood for a number of years. Actually, by now there are above 100 Hindi movies he has made. So, there is no question why his sea-facing duplex flat house is exceptionally lavish. Though, nobody knows the exact value of this house. It is positioned in Juhu, specifically in Prime Beach.

4. Salman Khan

Abdul Rashid Salim Salman Khan, the well-known Indian actor who is famously known as Salman Khan possesses the Galaxy Apartments, which is a very expensive house in India. This house is worth Rs. 16 crores. He lives in such superior size of a house for a purpose. At first floor of this house, he entertains his fans who want to see him personally.

3. Aamir Khan

Aamir Khan is earning a considerable amount of money from his tremendously successful career in Bollywood. So, it’s not at all surprising why he can afford to buy the most luxurious things in the world just like houses. He possesses an extremely expensive home that is worth Rs. 60 crores.

2. Amitabh Bachchan

This 73-year-old Indian actor has already been in the Bollywood industry for several years. Hence, there’s no question why he possesses a very expensive house in India. It is said that he holds five houses within the city of Mumbai. Yet, his Jalsa mansion where his family lives has an estimated worth of Rs. 112 crores.

1. Shah Rukh Khan

Shah Rukh Khan, who occurs to be the second richest actor in Bollywood, owns the stunning and luxurious mansion being referred to as Mannat. The estimated value of this mansion is about Rs. 200 crores. It is located in Bandra, Mumbai. The best thing about this house is that it can never be demolished as it was declared as a heritage site.

These are the 7 most expensive Indian celebrity houses. Watching these houses in real will completely put you in the state of amazement.